GM FastLane Blog

GMBlogs.com

Lutz Speech on Design

Text of a Lutz speech at the Pratt Institute on examples of lackluster car design and great car design, what makes a good automotive designer, and on thinking outside of the box.


Thank you, Dr. Schutte, and good afternoon, everyone.

It’s a pleasure for me to be here with you today in this fabulous setting. It’s hard to imagine NOT being inspired to do great creative work on this beautiful campus. How can you think about anything but great design when every time you turn around you see the Brooklyn Bridge?

I asked the organizers what they’d like me to talk about today, and they said, “Anything you want would be fine.”

So I said, “Great. How about 20 minutes on cigars, gin and military technology?”

And they said, “well … okay … fine. But can you work ‘design’ in there anywhere?”

Lucky for them, design happens to be another one of my passions that I’m prepared to talk about at the drop of a hat.

In fact, I’m so enamored with it that I’ll skip the other passions and just talk about design. And I’ll offer up some survival tips for later when you put your design talents to work.

What I’d like to talk about, specifically, is what I think constitutes good automotive design and what makes a good designer. Not being a designer myself, I feel uniquely qualified to comment!

No other product in the world has the ability to inspire passion quite like the automobile. And passion can be generated from different aspects of a vehicle. A terrific powertrain with a growling, throaty exhaust tone can inspire passion. Superb vehicle dynamics, great cornering, good road manners – those can all appeal to someone’s passion for driving.

But what really communicates passion in a vehicle is design. Particularly exterior design … which makes the initial emotional connection with potential customers. Interior design is extremely important too, but if the exterior design fails, the interior doesn’t matter, because most people won’t get close enough to see what the inside looks like.

So what makes good design? Well, it’s more than just “looking pretty.” The physical appearance of a vehicle speaks volumes to the viewer about its brand, its heritage, and about its real or implied characteristics.

A required starting point is basic proportion: Are the length/height/width relationships such that an elegant vehicle can be created? Does the vehicle exude strength, grace, stability or whatever is desired?

Here are some vital cues that, if missed, and they frequently are, can doom a vehicle to lackluster design.

The first sin is what’s known as “lateral overhang,” when the body appears to be too wide for the tread width. It’s a fatal flaw and one that even gorgeously shaped sheet metal can’t overcome.

A good design starts with the right sheet metal to tread relationship. The body should look like it was stretched tautly over the chassis.

tumble-home illustration
Tumble-home is the angle of glass from the beltline to the roof as viewed from the front or the rear of the vehicle.

Another organizing principle is that the look of dynamism and stability is hugely enhanced by tumble-home. Here, especially if we are prisoners of a relatively narrow platform, there is frequently pressure to achieve maximum package by increasing shoulder width and lateral headroom.

While everything must be an intelligent compromise, I believe that creating a slab-sided, non-tumble-home car to achieve maximum package is a road to disaster. People will never get close enough to an ungainly, static-looking vehicle to experience how great the package really is!

I’d like to take a moment now to share with you what are some of my all-time favorite automotive designs, and why.

What these designs all share is the unquestioned ability to inspire passion, to make an immediate emotional connection with anyone who looks at them.

That passion is the result of hard work and creativity. What it is NOT the result of is another thing that these vehicles have in common: None of them were created by focus groups.

It’s very important to remember that, as designers, you have to create on your own terms. Not someone else’s. Especially not someone with a margin of error plus or minus three percent.

You have to come up with the “big idea.” In other words, the big idea has to come from Steven Spielberg, not from the tabulated replies of thousands of moviegoers pouring out of theaters.

The creative process is not, nor will it ever be, “scientific.” You cannot start with quantitative research to find the “big idea.” Whether it’s cars or movies or clothes, a company needs inspired, free-ranging discussion among its top creative people.

Once an idea has attained its physical shape, then you do your research. And those who ignore the results of research at that point do so at their own peril. Too often, we creative people have a dangerous tendency to “talk to ourselves.” We need the counterbalance of research.

So now that we know what great design is and where it comes from, what about great designers? Where do they come from, besides Pratt?

Well, great designers are born, then they’re trained. They learn their rendering techniques and develop a sense of taste that they didn’t have before.

The really great designers have to be much more than just the ones who draw the prettiest pictures, a/k/a “hot pencils.” They have to be great leaders, great managers, great salespeople, great communicators, and great diplomats.

It’s a complicated profession.

I don’t think people realize how interlocking the process is and how many tradeoffs are necessary. Designing a great car is about fulfilling cost, safety, manufacturing, and space and comfort objectives … a whole host of requirements.

What makes the really good designer is being able to get the best-looking car for the company under often hugely conflicting sets of conditions. Sometimes it’s simply the person who is able to fight the hardest to force other people to make compromises.

The master designer is a good salesperson who can interact effectively with colleagues in sales and senior management.

A great designer is a good leader and manager. Because in a large automobile company you just can’t do it all yourself. A lot of it has to be delegated. The design heads of large companies seldom if ever take pencil to paper, unless it’s to correct somebody else’s renderings.

Now, if you put all that together, you’ve got a great designer, but it still doesn’t mean you get great designs. The last piece of the puzzle is direction from senior leadership.

I realize there isn’t much you can do about that… but it’s essential nonetheless.

The best example of that is the Chrysler design community from the time of the horrible boxy Imperials, Fifth Avenues, and LeBarons with the padded vinyl roofs and the opera windows. We went from those to the LH cars with essentially the same design team. What changed was what senior management was asking for.

You can’t expect anything more out of the designers than what the direction of management gives them, because they can’t operate in a vacuum.

The best way to ensure solid direction from senior management, of course, is to become a part of it. But you have to survive and stick it out a long time to reach that goal.

I’d like to give you a couple of things to keep in mind as you try to get there … two little phrases I’ve come to live by. The first is “Sez Who?” And the second is “Often wrong, but seldom in doubt.”

They both mean… stand up for your convictions. If you don’t have any convictions, get some. Then, stand up for ‘em.

Don’t be afraid to question conventional wisdom. Don’t settle for, “Because that’s the way we always do it.” Don’t be afraid to propose a radical idea. Don’t be afraid to take a different approach. Redesign the program, and wait for other people to catch up to you. Don’t spend your career catching up to everyone else.

Corporate America is plagued by “groupthink.” No one wants to be the first to disagree, so everyone agrees that whatever it is can’t be done. No one wants to rock the boat. We need more “integrative thinkers” who think outside the box, who come up with new ways of doing things.

At GM, our goal is to move beyond the artificial limitations imposed by the “process” and use people’s intellect, creativity and passion for vehicles that are truly beautiful and desirable. We are trying to encourage the boat rockers.

Now, I’m not endorsing anarchy or armed revolution. Once the debate is over and the decision is made, we need to enable it. We will never make progress if people circumvent or undermine decisions.

In my opinion, disruptive people are an asset. But that’s just to a point. It’s like anything else in life; you have to strike a balance. You have to know when to push back, how to push back, and when to retreat to fight another day.

For some of you, the balance will be instinctive. Others will have to learn by making mistakes. You owe it to the company to be somewhat disruptive, and to criticize and suggest improvements. But on the other hand, you also have to know where to stop.

There’s a fine line, and if you’re on the good side of the line, you’re a grain of sand that helps produce the pearl in the oyster. Pearls are produced by irritants such as an errant grain of sand, after all. But if you go too far, you’re a great big pebble that the oyster spits out. So strike a balance.

If you are one of those people, and you’re a great designer to boot, we can use you at GM. Design has ascended to a new level of importance and awareness at GM, and it’s a fun place to be right now.

In fact, there’s been a long relationship between Pratt and GM. Many of your distinguished alumni have contributed mightily to GM, including John Cafaro, who is here today. John played a big role in the design of the current Chevy Corvette, among other vehicles.

He can tell you about the new and exciting cars and trucks coming down the pike from GM. We are going to change people’s perceptions about the company, and change them significantly.

Let’s take a look at a few things we’ve done recently, beginning with a couple of concept cars that garnered a lot of attention.

And some of our recent production cars …

I hope you can see that we’re serious about what we’re doing and where we’re going. GM is going to be the team to beat in this business.

I’d like to wrap up today with a final thought about integrative thinking, in the form of a story about fleas.

Yes, you heard me right: fleas.

Flea trainers have observed a predictable and strange habit of fleas. They train fleas by putting them in a cardboard box with a lid on it. The fleas will jump up and hit the top of the box over and over and over again. It gives them a terrible headache!

When you take off the lid, the fleas continue to jump, but they will not jump out of the box. They won’t jump out because they can’t jump out. Why? The reason is simple. They have conditioned themselves to jump as high as the lid of the box. And once they’ve taught themselves to jump just so high, that’s all they can do!

Well, the same thing happens to people. They restrict themselves and never reach their potential. Just like the fleas, they fail to go any higher, thinking they’re already doing all they can do.

We have to condition ourselves to jump out of the box. And you are at the perfect time in your careers to start doing that – the beginning. Heck, you haven’t even started yet!

Now is the time for you to program yourselves to jump out of the box. By unlocking your creative potential and questioning traditional thinking – wherever you deem it appropriate to do so – you will build a solid foundation for success.

I hope that success comes at General Motors, selfishly, but wherever it comes, I wish you nothing but the best.

Thank you for your kind attention. I’d be happy to take any questions you might have now.

Remarks by Robert A. Lutz
President’s Lecture Series
Pratt Institute
Brooklyn, New York
April 9, 2003

65 Comments

Leave a Reply

(If you haven't left a comment here before, you may need to be approved by the site owner before your comment will appear. Until then, it won't appear on the entry. Thanks for waiting.)

To protect against spam, off-topic and abusive comments, all comments are reviewed before being posted to the blog. Please limit your comments to two on each topic and don't use all caps. Also, please note that some comments related to specific ownership issues are forwarded to customer assistance rather than posted here.